111學年度 - 健康中心

腸病毒知識分享

台灣氣候溫暖潮濕,適合腸病毒生存,以4到9月為主要流行期,但其實全年都有腸病毒感染個案,冬天也有腸病毒病例,只是比較少而已。腸病毒目前並沒有特效藥及疫苗,最好的預防方法是大人小孩都要勤洗手,注意個人衛生,就可以降低感染的機會。

傳播方式:

腸病毒的傳染性極強,主要經由腸胃道(糞—口、水或食物污染)或呼吸道(飛沫、咳嗽或打噴嚏)傳染,也可經由接觸病患皮膚上的水泡及分泌物而傳染。家中嬰幼兒常因父母或照顧者從戶外環境或公共場所將病毒帶回家中,經由接觸或飛沫而感染,也可能經由接觸無症狀帶病毒家長的口鼻分泌物,或吃進被含有病毒之糞便所污染的食物而受傳染,幼兒喜歡咬弄的帶毛玩具,容易殘留或吃進含有腸病毒的口水,也是傳染媒介之一。

潛伏期:

感染腸病毒後,約2到10天(平均約3到5天)會開始出現症狀。腸病毒病人大多數可以在一週左右痊癒,痊癒後,腸病毒還會持續經由糞便排出,所以要持續勤洗手,注意個人衛生。
在發病前幾天,喉嚨與糞便中就含有病毒,具有傳染性,一般而言,發病後的一週內傳染力最高。在家庭與學校中有很高的傳染率,人群聚集且空氣流通不良的場所容易發生傳染情形。

發病症狀:

1.疱疹性咽峽炎:特徵為突發性發燒、嘔吐及咽峽部出現小水泡或潰瘍。病例多數症狀輕微無併發症,少數併發無菌性腦膜炎。
2.
手足口病:特徵為發燒及身體出現小水泡,主要分布於口腔黏膜及舌頭,其次為軟顎、牙齦和嘴唇,四肢則是手掌及腳掌、手指及腳趾。常因口腔潰瘍而無法進食。
3.
嬰兒急性心肌炎及成人心包膜炎:特徵為突發性呼吸困難、蒼白、發紺(皮膚或是粘膜的顏色出現變青、變紫情形)、嘔吐。開始可能誤以為肺炎,接著會有明顯心跳過速,快速演變成心衰竭、休克、甚至死亡,存活的孩子則復原迅速。
4.流行性肌肋痛:特徵為胸部突發陣發性疼痛且持續數分鐘到數小時,合併發燒、頭痛及短暫噁心、嘔吐和腹瀉。
5.急性淋巴結性咽炎:特徵為發燒、頭痛、喉嚨痛、咽喉處有明顯白色病灶。
6.發燒合併皮疹:特徵為發燒合併皮疹,有些會出現小水泡。

預防方法:

1.勤洗手,注意咳嗽禮節,養成良好的個人衛生習慣。
2.
均衡飲食、適度運動及充足睡眠,以提昇免疫力。
3.
生病時,應儘速就醫,請假在家多休息。
4.注意居家及校園等環境的衛生清潔及通風。
5.流行期間,避免出入人潮擁擠,空氣不流通的公共場所。
6.儘量不要與疑似病患接觸,尤其是孕婦、新生兒及幼童。
7.新生兒可多餵食母乳,以提高抵抗力。
8.兒童玩具(尤其是帶毛玩具)經常清洗、消毒。
9.幼童之照顧者或接觸者應特別注意個人衛生,家長回家後應洗手、更衣後(沐浴尤佳)再接觸家中幼童。
10.於腸病毒流行期間進出擁擠的公共場所,應戴口罩並勤洗手保持衛生,可降低感染機會;已有症狀者可避免傳染他人。

環境消毒方法:

市售消毒劑

    漂白水(市售漂白水次氯酸鈉濃度5%計算)

1. 500ppm,次氯酸鈉濃度為0.05

    100cc漂白水(免洗湯匙5瓢)加10公升清水(8瓶大保特瓶)

2. 1000ppm,次氯酸鈉濃度為0.1

    200cc漂白水(免洗湯匙10瓢)加10公升清水(8瓶大保特瓶)

 

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